Training for transformation: the impact of investor-led training on yields, farm output, and food security among Ghanaian rice farmers

This study examines the impact of agronomic training provided by large-scale private investors (LSPIs) involved in land acquisitions on smallholder rice farmers in northern Ghana, where public extension services are limited. Using panel data from 2017/2018 and 2020/2021, combined with spatial data, the analysis applies Correlated Random Effects-Control Function Approach (CRE-CFA), Dose–Response Function (DRF), and Multinomial Endogenous Treatment Effect (METE) models to address selection bias. Training was measured both as total hours and by intensity levels. Results show that LSPI-led training increases rice yield by 42%, farm output by 12%, food consumption scores by 15%, and reduces food insecurity by 30%. The DRF results highlight nonlinear gains, especially beyond two hours of training, while METE confirms these findings across categories. The study concludes that investor-led training can complement public services and improve productivity and food security, offering valuable policy insights for agricultural development in sub-Saharan Africa.