Deductive qualitative research: an integrative approach to designing studies

There is a growing emphasis in qualitative methodology on the development of processes for deductive analysis, but there remains a need for broader frameworks for organising deductive investigation. We set out a five-part integrative approach for conducting deductive qualitative research, covering (1) appropriate aims and sampling strategies, (2) devising research questions, (3) data collection, (4) analysis processes, and (5) standards of quality. We argue that both case studies and multi-participant studies fit with a deductive ethos and provide guidelines for conducting both types of study. We suggest that hypotheses are best avoided in deductive qualitative research and provide guidance for formulating deductive research questions instead. We critically discuss issues to consider during data collection, analysis and in applying research quality standards. Overall, our integrative approach provides a flexible and coherent approach to the vital deductive task of building on inductive studies, thus facilitating cumulative progress in qualitative research.