Turmeric ( <i>curcuma longa</i> ) rhizome essential oil: analytical profile of authenticated and commercial samples, safety and pharmacology review

CONTEXT: ) rhizome essential oil is the volatile and aromatic fraction of turmeric rhizome. Despite increasing commercial availability and scientific interest, variability in production practices and oil composition has created challenges for quality, safety, and pharmacological interpretation. OBJECTIVE: This work provides a comprehensive overview of turmeric rhizome essential oil including an assessment of the composition of authentic oils, and commercial oils, and a review of safety and pharmacology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: = 25) were analyzed by GC-MS. A review of published toxicological and pharmacological studies was conducted. RESULTS: Authenticated oils were primarily composed of turmerones. Sesquiterpenes were more abundant in the oil from ground material, whereas monoterpenes were more prevalent in the oil from fresh rhizomes. Most market samples also exhibited the large dominance of turmerones, with some showing compositional variability, dilution, or adulteration, including 4/25 samples containing adulteration markers. Toxicological studies indicate no genotoxicity or dermal toxicity, minimal systemic toxicity, and good tolerability in humans. The pharmacology data supports anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, with synergistic effects when turmerones and curcuminoids are combined. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Turmeric rhizome essential oil demonstrated a favorable safety profile and diverse bioactivities with therapeutic potential. However, compositional variation in commercial products with adulteration highlights the need for production standards. Authentic and consistent essential oil composition is key to ensure reproducible research findings, validate therapeutic potential, guarantee safety and provide the desirable outcomes when used.