The effectiveness of smart-deep learning models in fostering social-emotional competencies among early childhood learners

Social-emotional competence is a foundational dimension of early childhood development influencing school readiness and lifelong adaptation. However, many Early Childhood Education (ECE) practices in Indonesia prioritize academic skills, lacking systematic strategies to nurture empathy, self-regulation, and cooperation. This study employed a mixed-methods explanatory sequential design to develop and evaluate the SMART-DEEP model, which integrates SMART principles with the DEEP learning approach in meaningful, enjoyable contexts. A quasi-experimental design with pre- and posttests was conducted with 240 children aged 4–6 across 12 ECE centers in Kendari. Competencies in empathy, cooperation, emotion regulation, self-control, and communication were assessed using the validated Social-Emotional Learning Scale. Complementary qualitative data came from teacher interviews, classroom observations, and children’s reflective activities. Quantitative analyses (paired t-tests and ANCOVA) demonstrated significant improvements in all indicators for the intervention group compared to controls. Qualitative findings revealed enhanced child engagement, stronger teacher-child relationships, and more collaborative classroom climates. The SMART-DEEP model proved effective in fostering young children’s social-emotional competencies and offers a culturally responsive framework for ECE innovation. These findings provide empirical support for integrating social-emotional learning into national early childhood curricula and policies, advocating for a holistic approach to development.