Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) for Food Safety: Recent Innovations in Monitoring Anthropogenic Endocrine Disruptors

Identifying and controlling the presence of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in food is a prerequisite to ensure the health of the public. However, the emergence of new forms of EDCs, produced as by-catch by industrial processes, adds to the problem. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) technology is useful in this area by incorporating sample collection, extraction, and pre-concentration methods in one step. Recent advances, especially in the SPME fiber and nanotechnology, have enhanced the detection capabilities of SPME to be more sensitive and selective to detect both known and new forms of EDCs. This review article examines how SPME technology is utilized to keep our food safe, especially by monitoring those that are produced by human activities. This article tries to incorporate the most relevant research conducted over the last decade and present the current advancements achieved by this technology to the reader. This article examines how eco-friendly and practical the various methods are, including the aspects of sustainability, expressed as "greenness" and "whiteness". By integrating methodological challenges with Green and White Analytical Chemistry (GAC and WAC) considerations, this review contributes a novel perspective and complements existing literature, highlighting opportunities for future applications of SPME in monitoring emerging food contaminants.