Cell-friendly protein based nano-carriers for non-viral gene delivery to cancer cells.

Gene therapy has emerged as one of the most promising approaches in both medical and biotechnological fields due to its capacity to modify, optimize, and regulate target DNA sequences. Recent advancements integrating gene therapy with nanotechnology, particularly through nano-carrier systems, have enabled precise delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids with controlled release at specific pathological sites [1]. Initially focused on monogenic disorders, gene therapy applications have now expanded to a broad spectrum of inherited and acquired diseases [2]. Protein-based nanocarriers have attracted considerable attention as next-generation non-viral vectors due to their intrinsic biocompatibility, biodegradability, and structural versatility [3]. Their ability to encapsulate nucleic acids, support controlled release, and enable targeted delivery makes them attractive candidates for cancer gene therapy. These unique characteristics position protein-based nanocarriers as a cell-friendly and effective strategy for improving the safety and efficiency of gene delivery systems [4]. Consequently, they represent a promising strategy for improving the safety and efficacy of cancer gene therapy. The development of safe, efficient, and biocompatible vectors remains a critical determinant of therapeutic success. Recombinant peptides, despite their therapeutic potential, face challenges such as high toxicity, instability, poor bioavailability, and costly production, which gene therapy strategies aim to overcome [5]. Techniques including gene knockdown, mutation correction, and gene insertion are central to modern gene therapy approaches. This article reviews the recent progress and challenges associated with nano-based non-viral vectors designed for targeted delivery of DNA into cancerous cells.