Advances in doped and co-doped bismuth ferrite: structure–property correlation and applications

Bismuth ferrites (BFO) nanomaterials are one of the promising materials to provide applications in the electrical world for their unique multiferroic properties. The evolution of its research from pure crystals to doped and co-doped forms has shown humanity the diversity of its properties and their subsequent useful applications. The peculiarities of ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties, as observed in these multiferroics, are the result of structural perturbations due to the nature of the doping element and different synthesis mechanisms. This paper begins with a brief introduction to BFO, followed by a discussion of the effects of various dopants introduced through different synthesis techniques. It also highlights their impact on the material's magnetic and dielectric properties. Finally, the review summarizes the effects of doping, paving the way for future research on this multiferroic material.