The expanding role of biocompatible hydrogels in plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles for skin diseases: prospects and challenges

Background Plant-derived exosome like nanovesicles known for their biocompatibility, minimal immunogenicity, and capacity to transport diverse therapeutic molecules, have emerged as effective carriers for targeted drug delivery. When integrated into hydrogels, these offer improved stability, prolonged release, and precise delivery to specific skin layers, thereby enhancing treatment outcomes.Methods We conducted structured search of the literature on plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (PDELNs) and hydrogel-based drug-delivery systems for skin applications. Relevant studies were identified from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using keywords including plant-derived exosomes like nanovesicles, plant exosomes + skin, and plant exosomes + hydrogel. We selected Publications from 2010 to 2025 and focused on studies describing biological activity of plant-derived exosomes, as well as their therapeutic relevance for skin repair, regeneration, or wound healing. Research involving hydrogel formulations that incorporated plant-derived vesicles or comparable nano-carriers was also included. In vitro, in vivo (preclinical), and available clinical evidence were reviewed, while unrelated work (such as mammalian exosomes or non-skin studies) was excluded.Results The combination of plant-derived exosomes like nanovesicles and hydrogels is potential therapeutic candidate in addressing various skin disorders, including inflammatory diseases, wound healing, and skin regeneration. However, challenges remain, including the scalability of exosome production, stability of formulations, and achieving effective skin penetration. Furthermore, regulatory considerations regarding the safety, toxicity, and long-term biocompatibility of these systems must be thoroughly evaluated. The review also emphasizes future research opportunities, the development of plant-derived exosomes like nanovesicles with higher therapeutic potential and the integration of advanced technologies like phototherapy and microneedles to further improve therapeutic efficacy.Conclusion The combination of PDELNs with hydrogel delivery systems have shown potential in preclinical models for the treatment of dermatological diseases, providing a novel strategy for skin care.