Water resources challenges in Colombia: hydrological science solutions for a sustainable future

Colombia is recognized worldwide for its biodiversity and abundant water resources. However, water quality is deteriorating and availability is declining in several regions, driven by disruptions in the hydrological cycle caused by climate change, intensive agriculture, mining, and ineffective management policies. This paper reviews the main challenges facing Colombia’s water resources by analysing the factors affecting both quality and quantity. Our findings highlight climate change and human pressures as the principal drivers. From a hydrological perspective, we propose solutions including expanding data acquisition and management systems, advancing understanding of hydrological processes, improving climate forecasting, and promoting sustainable practices for water conservation. Although centred on Colombia, these insights reflect broader water resource issues in South America and other developing countries, suggesting that the proposed solutions may be applied in similar contexts to strengthen water governance, mitigate risks, and ensure resilience in the face of growing environmental pressures.