Afonso Santiago de Oliveira Meneses, Fernanda Barros Passaglia, Reuber Albuquerque Brandão
Anurans display at least 12 main antipredator behaviors, with 28 variations. Defensive displays in the Proceratophrys genus, which comprises 44 species, have only been documented for 15. Herein, we present six records of antipredator mechanisms for Proceratophrys goyana (two new) and six new records for Proceratophrys salvatori. Both species presented an escalated pattern of defensive displays. Proceratophrys goyana presented immobility, body inflation, death feigning, and distress calls, while P. salvatori presented body inflation, defensive postures, discharge of skin secretions, and digging. The distress calls emitted by P. goyana consist of a single linear-shaped, non-pulsed harmonic note, with a mean duration of 24.1 ± 6.7 ms and mean dominant frequency of 869.175 ± 209.062 Hz. Frequently reported for the genus, both species presented body inflation. Distress calls and discharging secretions seem to be less commonly reported (only three species). The distress calls of P. goyana shared a similar structure and dominant frequency with the ones emitted by P. cristiceps, with a shorter duration. Both behaviors also seem to be displayed synergistically with body postures. Proceratophrys spp. may display multiple antipredator mechanisms, and future research should focus on describing these displays for unreported species, while also revisiting others with few displays published.