From porous frameworks to hybrid composites: advances in MOFs and MOF/AC systems for industrial dye remediation

Dyes are among the most persistent water pollutants, with removal efficiencies in conventional treatments often below 50% for complex aromatic species. Adsorption-based processes offer an effective alternative, as recent research has demonstrated the growing potential of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their composites for dye remediation. This review provides a comparative evaluation of the material and its dye adsorption performance trend. Particular emphasis is placed on the synergistic behavior of MOF/AC (Metal-organic framework and activated carbon) hybrids, which integrate the tunable chemistry of MOFs and accessibility, and cost-effectiveness of AC. The review outlines emerging design strategies and future research directions aimed at advancing MOF/AC hybrids toward practical, industrial-scale dye removal applications.