Field-based tests for cardiorespiratory fitness monitoring in firefighters: a scoping review and comparative appraisal.

Firefighters experience high cardiovascular strain, and inadequate cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) elevates health and performance risks. This scoping review evaluates field-based tests for estimating CRF via maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in fire services. PubMed and SPORTDiscus (1990-2025) were searched; of 140 records identified, 102 were screened and 14 included. Tests required documented criterion validity, a standardised protocol, and evidence of operational adoption. Protocols were appraised against five criteria: specificity, validity, reliability, practical implementation, and safety. The 20 m shuttle run offered the most favourable profile for department-wide monitoring, combining high validity, high test-retest reliability, minimal equipment, indoor feasibility, and scalable group testing. Treadmill and stairmill tests provide robust alternatives for individual assessment but are constrained by equipment and staffing. Submaximal tests show larger error. Standardising a field test with regular reassessment may support training control and early detection of decline.