Structural basis of long-range transcription–translation coupling

. In these molecular assemblies, termed "coupled transcription-translation complexes" or "TTC-B," RNA polymerase (RNAP) directly interacts with the ribosome, the transcription elongation factor NusG or its paralog RfaH forms a bridge between RNAP and ribosome, and the transcription elongation factor NusA optionally forms a second bridge between RNAP and ribosome. Here, we report structures of coupled transcription-translation complexes having mRNA spacers between RNAP and ribosome longer than the maximum-length mRNA spacer compatible with formation of TTC-B. The results define a class of coupled transcription-translation complex, termed "TTC-LC," where "LC" denotes "long-range coupling." TTC-LC differs from TTC-B by a ~60° rotation and ~70 Å translation of RNAP relative to ribosome, resulting in loss of direct interactions between RNAP and ribosome and creation of a ~70 Å gap between RNAP and ribosome. TTC-LC accommodates long mRNA spacers by looping out mRNA from the gap between RNAP and ribosome. We present evidence that TTC-LC is a functional intermediate in assembling and disassembling TTC-B, mediating pre-TTC-B transcription-translation coupling before a ribosome catches up to RNAP, and mediating post-TTC-B transcription-translation coupling after a ribosome stops moving and RNAP continues moving. We show that TTC-B, but not TTC-LC, is severely defective in RNA-hairpin-dependent transcription termination, and that both TTC-B and TTC-LC are severely defective in Rho-dependent transcription termination.