Numerical simulation of the aerodynamic effects of a high-speed maglev train passing through tunnel

High-speed maglev trains passing through tunnels induce complex transient aerodynamic phenomena that affect both passenger comfort and structural safety. However, systematic investigations for maglev systems remain limited compared to wheel–rail trains. This study conducts three-dimensional, compressible, unsteady simulations using the SST k–ω turbulence model and an overset grid technique, validated against moving-model and full-scale tests. The analysis examines transient surface pressures, internal pressure variations, and tunnel wall loads under varying train speeds, tunnel lengths, and cross-sectional areas. The results reveal that the aerodynamic barrier at the train nose amplifies pressure fluctuations, with 1 s internal pressure variations exhibiting a quadratic dependence on speed, and peak pressures on both the train and tunnel following power-law relationships. Tunnel geometry shows nonlinear influences on comfort, with specific critical lengths producing maximum discomfort. For a 600 km/h single-line maglev with a sealing index of 30 s, a tunnel cross-sectional area of 95 m2 is recommended. This work presents a systematic multi-parameter aerodynamic analysis for maglev train–tunnel interactions, clarifying coupled effects of speed, geometry, and sealing, and offering both new insights into maglev-specific pressure wave mechanisms and practical guidance for tunnel design.