Effect of divalent cation substitution (M = Mn, Ni, Mg, Cu) on the structural, magnetic and electrical properties of MFe ₂ O ₄ spinel ferrites

) varies depending on the cation, classifying some samples as soft magnetic materials, optimal for low-energy-loss applications. Furthermore, high-frequency analyses demonstrate that substitution engineering allows these ferrites to be optimized for microwave devices. Finally, electrical measurements performed between 400 and 700 K reveal remarkable performance for thermal sensing. Combined with an excellent stability factor, these properties authenticate the reliability of these materials for high-temperature sensor applications.