Lamyaa A. Abdulridha, Khalid T. Rashid, Mohammed Ahmed Shehab, Najah Saeed Abdulridha, Adnan A. AbdulRazak
). It discusses their incorporation into various polymeric membranes to target heavy metals, organic dyes, pharmaceuticals, and pathogens. The mechanisms governing pollutant separation, including adsorption, catalytic degradation, and magnetic-assisted separation, are examined in detail. Additionally, the effects of particle loading, surface modification, and dispersion techniques on membrane structural integrity and filtration performance are analyzed. Challenges such as nanoparticle leaching, stability under operational conditions, scaling-up synthesis, and environmental safety considerations are also evaluated. Finally, MNP-embedded MMMs offer a promising pathway toward efficient, selective, and energy-saving wastewater purification technologies.