Environmental performance of olive stone–plastic waste activated carbon composites

, thereby reducing the amount of adsorbent required for effective pollutant removal. To capture both production efficiency and application relevance, LCA was conducted using two functional units: per kg of AC composite produced and per kg of dye adsorbed. Contribution analysis identifies pyrolysis and polymer dissolution as the dominant contributors to CC and EN. Sensitivity analyses further indicate that pyrolysis energy consumption is the most influential uncertainty parameter. Overall, the results demonstrate that OS and MPW can be effectively co-valorized into high-performance AC composites with favorable environmental profiles.