Dual-salt electrolyte coupled with mesoporous carbon nanotubes for long-life anode-free sodium metal batteries.

A synergistic strategy was developed for anode-free sodium metal batteries by integrating a dual-salt electrolyte with mesoporous hollow carbon nanotubes. The electrolyte formed robust SEI/CEI layers to regulate ion flux and stabilize electrodes, while Meso-CNTs provided sodiophilic sites, enhanced ion/electron transport, and mitigated volume variation. This synergistic design enabled reversible Na deposition and stable cycling, offering an effective approach for durable high-energy-density sodium metal batteries.