Charge-modulated forward-backward current blockade asymmetry in conical nanopores.

Conical nanopores reveal charge-dependent current blockade asymmetry during biomolecule translocation. DNA produced larger forward than backward blockades, whereas IgG and BSA showed nearly symmetric responses. Finite-element simulations attribute this behavior to charge-modulated coupling between concentration polarization and ion exclusion, providing charge-sensitive information about biomolecular translocation.