Modulating surface charge and d-band center via Mo doping: boosting 5-hydroxymethylfurfural electrooxidation over Cu(OH)2 catalysts.

To address poor HMF adsorption and weak OH- activation of Cu(OH)2, Mo-doped Cu(OH)2 nanowire arrays were synthesized via chemical etching. Optimal Mo doping minimizes the surface negative charge, enhances HMF adsorption, and achieves 99.9% conversion, 99.9% FDCA yield, and nearly 100% FE at 1.66 V vs. RHE within 2 hours.