Ying Zhang, Minhui Wang, Peiyu Ma, Song Sun, Jun Bao
characterization techniques - including ATR-SEIRAS, Raman spectroscopy, XAFS, DEMS, and EC-AFM for probing OER mechanisms in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes. These methods provide real-time insights into catalyst structure, active sites, reaction intermediates, and gaseous products, thereby elucidating structure-performance relationships and guiding the rational design of high-performance OER catalysts. Future perspectives should focus on enhancing spatial/time resolution and integrating multi-technique platforms for correlated analysis. These advances in technology will further unravel the complex dynamics of the OER and accelerate the development of efficient energy conversion systems.