Defect-engineered pollen-shaped WO3 with interfacial catalysis toward sensitive humidity-tolerant DMTS detection.

A rapeseed pollen biotemplate, sol-gel impregnation and calcination yielded hierarchically porous WO3. La doping formed WO3/La2WO6 heterojunctions, and Pt nanoparticles boosted interfacial catalysis. Owing to large specific surface area, heterojunction electron modulation and Pt catalytic activation, the composite delivered a high DMTS response of 520 with superior sensitivity, stability and humidity tolerance.