Advances in the application of metal-organic frameworks for fluorescent and electrochemical sensing of heavy metal ions.

Heavy metals pose serious threats to environmental safety and human health. Developing efficient and sensitive determination methods is critical to overcome the limitations of traditional technologies. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), distinguished by their large specific surface area, high porosity, and abundant binding sites, have emerged as promising candidates for metal ion sensing. This review introduces various classic MOF structures and characteristics, focusing on recent advances in MOF-based materials for detecting metal ions such as Cr6+, Hg2+, Pb2+, etc, through fluorescence and electrochemical sensing. It analyzes limitations encountered in practical applications and prospects future development trends.