Bangul Khan, Syed Bilal Ahmed, Bilawal Khan, Muhammad Shehzad Khan, Liangyi Lyu, Iyappan Gunasekaran, Rafi u Shan Ahmad, Junchen Liao, Mohamed Elhousseini Hilal, Bee Luan Khoo
), and intrinsic antibacterial activity (≥99.7%). The material exhibits consistent electromechanical performance from -20 °C to 40 °C, showing tunable strain sensitivity governed by temperature-dependent network mechanics and ionic mobility. When used as epidermal electrodes, the hydrogel enables high-fidelity electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition (SNR ≈ 25 dB) in human and rodent models. Integrated with machine-learning analytics, the platform supports accurate demographic prediction (96.2%), demonstrating a scalable material-device-data framework for next-generation personalised cardiovascular monitoring.