Ratiometric near-infrared fluorescence probes for quantitative monitoring of mitochondrial pH dynamics in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> and HeLa cells during metformin treatment

larvae. Significantly, treatment with metformin was shown to alter mitochondrial pH levels, demonstrating the probes' utility in studying drug effects. Collectively, these findings establish AH+ and BH+ as powerful tools for probing mitochondrial function and cellular stress responses, offering new opportunities to explore fundamental mechanisms underlying health and disease.