Evaluating and improving biocompatibility of conductive polymers for cardiac tissue engineering

evaluation. Additionally, we discussed recent advances in improving the biocompatibility of CPs through hybrid scaffold development, molecular engineering, surface chemistry modifications, and the development of stimuli-responsive and targeted CP constructs. By establishing this standardized framework and highlighting critical regulatory requirements, this review aims to overcome current biocompatibility barriers and facilitate the improved implementation of CPs in CTE applications.