Air-processed FA–Cs perovskite scalable films without Pb ⁰ defects for efficient inverted photovoltaic modules

(CH 3 ) 3 SI is incorporated into blade-coated FACs perovskite films to reduce harmful Pb 0 defects and enhance the stability and efficiency of photovoltaic modules (10 × 10 cm 2 substrate) from 18.25% to 19.98%.