Optimization of electron transfer pathways in atomically precise metal nanoclusters: catalyzing a leap in solar water oxidation

heterostructures. The essential roles of each building block are specifically explored with the photoelectrochemical mechanism clearly elucidated. Our work offers an accessible and universal route to strategically construct metal NC-based heterostructure photosystems and unveils the multi-functional synergy in regulating the electron migration pathway of atomically precise metal NCs towards solar energy conversion.