Roll-to-roll fabrication of integrated cathodes enabled by asymmetric dual-atom catalysts for bipolar stacking ampere-hour-scale Zn–air batteries

. Furthermore, a scalable roll-to-roll process was developed to fabricate an integrated air cathode with a highly uniform catalytic layer structure. Ultimately, the electrode was employed in a bipolar stacking cell configuration. Benefiting from these multi-level innovations, the assembled ampere-hour-scale ZABs delivered a high power output of 3.5 W, a large capacity of 6.09 Ah, and long-term cycling stability over 60 h at 1.0 A. This work systematically advances the development of high-performance, long-lasting ZABs through catalyst design, electrode engineering, and device configuration optimization, providing a viable technical pathway for their industrialization.