Suppressing oxygen-vacancy-mediated chlorine corrosion for high-current stable seawater electrolysis

A VO 4 3− -NiFe LDH/VO x /NF catalyst is designed for alkaline seawater oxidation. Interlayer VO 4 3− electrostatically repel Cl − , improving stability, while surface VO x gradually evolves into VO 4 3− , promoting OH − adsorption via a hydrogen-bond network.