Sun-Hong Ruan, Gangjun Tang, Zhiming Zhang, Qinghong Zhang, Ye Wang, Shunji Xie
distribution and interfacial electric field), surface morphology and hydrophobicity of catalysts, and structures of interfacial water. Finally, we present a comprehensive summary that identifies current practical challenges of ionomer applications from multiple perspectives while proposing feasible solutions and outlining future research directions for this field.