Cu( <scp>ii</scp> )-modified Mg–Al hydrotalcite/bentonite composites for adsorption and visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in textile wastewater

leaching but preserved structural integrity. Both materials effectively treated real textile wastewater, reducing COD to meet QCVN 40:2025/BTNMT discharge standards. This work demonstrates a synergistic clay-LDH design strategy that enhances charge separation and reactive oxygen species generation under visible light. Unlike adsorption-dominated systems, pollutant removal is primarily governed by photocatalytic oxidation, enabling efficient degradation and mineralization in complex wastewater matrices. The combination of low-cost raw materials, simple synthesis, and strong practical performance highlights the scalability and industrial potential of clay-supported LDH photocatalysts for sustainable textile wastewater remediation.