Design and synthesis of novel sulfa-azo dyes: a sustainable approach to textile dyeing combined with microwave energy

-myristoyltransferase (NMT). The strongest antibacterial activity was shown by dyes made from indandione and indanone couplers. As a contemporary heating technique, microwave irradiation was used to increase reaction efficiency, lower chemical and water usage, and save energy. Through polarization processes such as electronic, atomic, and interfacial polarization, the improved interaction between microwave energy and polar molecules caused rapid internal heating. Significant improvements in conventional heating were shown by the localized hotspots produced by microwave exposure, which accelerated reaction kinetics and increased product yields. The microwave-assisted dyeing process reduced dyeing time by approximately 70% and enhanced dye uptake by 85% compared to conventional infrared heating.