Fahad T. Alotaibi, Ashraf A. El-Bindary
with rapid equilibrium at 40 min, pH-sensitive performance with the optimum pH of 6 and the adsorption being endothermic and spontaneous in nature. The isotherms and kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process was predominantly monolayer chemisorption with a secondary contribution from multilayer interactions. Furthermore, response surface methodology (RSM) was actively employed for optimizing the operational parameters for practical applications. These membranes also have stability and the potential for reusability, as well as multifunctional biomedical applications. This shows that the Co/Al-LDH-CS/PVDF nanofiber membrane can be used effectively as a large-scale and sustainable adsorbent for treating pharmaceutical wastewater.