Regulation of infant gut microbiota and metabolic pathways by human milk oligosaccharides: a multi-omics investigation

and acetate production, were detected. Overall, these findings indicate that the gut flora-metabolite interplay is central to HMO function, and different HMOs variably regulate the gut microbiota composition and metabolic pathways. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing HMOs' fortification strategies in infant formulas.