The application of ICG-based photodynamic therapy combined with nanotechnology in tumor treatment

, poor aqueous stability, rapid systemic clearance), collectively restricting their clinical translation. Nanotechnology has become an indispensable tool to address these synergistic challenges, enabling enhanced tumor targeting, prolonged circulation time, and improved ROS generation efficiency of ICG-based PDT. This review summarizes the latest advancements in ICG-based PDT combined with nanotechnology for cancer treatment and discusses its potential and challenges in synergizing with chemotherapy and immunotherapy to amplify antitumor efficacy.