A dual-angle optoelectronic flow injection platform for ferrous ion (Fe ²⁺ ) determination using blue LED excitation and solar cell detection

-tab. (5.14)); no significant difference was observed between the proposed method and the conventional spectrophotometric methods. Owing to its modular design, high sensitivity, and adaptability to colorimetric, fluorometric, or turbidimetric reactions, the developed platform holds great potential for applications in environmental monitoring and agricultural analysis.