Huynh Nhi Le, Hoai Phuong Nguyen Thi, Phương Anh Cao, Ba Cuong Nguyen, Van Bang Nguyen, Duong Duc La
) models, indicating chemisorptive affinity on an energetically heterogeneous surface. MOS is durable and regenerable (∼95% removal after five cycles). Density functional theory calculations corroborate strong dye-phosphate site interactions. The combined thermal-acid treatment thus yields a low-cost, reusable adsorbent suitable for practical dye-laden wastewater treatment.