Raghad Nasser S. Alghamdi, Elsayed Ibrahim Shalaan, Ahmed Obaid M. Alzahrani
/Spiro-OMeTAD/C), performed using the SCAPS-1D simulation tool. To optimize device performance, several parameters are systematically adjusted, including the thickness of the absorber layer, defect densities at the bulk and interface, the electrical resistances (series and shunt), and the selection of a suitable back contact material. Under standard conditions, the optimized device shows a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.7%. Upon optimization, the spectral response shows a high quantum efficiency (QE) of 97.5% across the wavelength range. These results provide a significant theoretical understanding for improving the performance and design of perovskite solar cells.