Evaluating the biological characteristics of targeted ZIF-8-encapsulated individual and combined drug systems for enhanced <i>in vivo</i> toxicity mitigation using folic acid ligands

) with significant improved survivability (90%) until 120 h of incubation. Results showed that RuPIP-Olap@ZIF8-FA did not cause significant malformations, even at elevated concentrations, and did not present aggregation issues toward healthy embryos. These findings establish RuPIP-Olap@ZIF-8-FA as a promising dual-drug nanocarrier capable of targeted delivery, pH-triggered release, and distinct therapeutic pathways. Its high loading efficiency, simplicity, and improved safety profile highlight its strong potential for advancement toward clinical translation.