Kashmala Khaliq, Adil Khan, Shabnam Shahida, Ramzan Akhtar, Mohsin Ali Raza Anjum, Iqra Rafiq, Muhammad Rehan, Rashid Nazir Qureshi, Sajid Iqbal, Muhammad Saifullah
for RhB, as described by the Langmuir isotherm. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the process is spontaneous and exothermic. MOSP retains >90% RhB removal efficiency even in the presence of alkali, alkaline-earth, and transition metal ions. Owing to its high selectivity, facile synthesis, rapid kinetics, large capacity, cost-effectiveness, and stability, MOSP shows strong potential for commercial-scale RhB removal from wastewater.