Nanobiotechnology-driven advances in sonodynamic therapy: unlocking the potential of sonosensitizers in clinical translation

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an emerging, non-invasive modality to cancer treatment, notable for its ability to overcome the limited tissue penetration of photodynamic therapy (PDT) while delivering enhanced precision and reduced adverse effects. This distinctive advantage has positioned SDT as a highly compelling approach within the biomedical landscape. Central to the success of SDT is the development of sonosensitizers, whose design and functionality critically influence therapeutic efficacy. This review discussed the fundamental principles and mechanism of SDT. It highlighted recent advances in nanobiotechnology-based sonosensitizers, including inorganic sonosensitizers, organic sonosensitizers, inorganic-organic hybrid sonosensitizers and other sonosensitizers, and also indicated the specific designs and potential challenges of sonosensitizers. Furthermore, this review outlined the obstacles that need to be overcome for the successful clinical translation and application of SDT. In conclusion, SDT represents a promising strategy for cancer therapy, with sonosensitizers expected to play a pivotal role in integrating diagnostics, enhancing drug delivery, and enabling multimodal treatment approaches.