Harshita, Murali Sastry, Shanthi Priya Samudrala
reduction, biofuel production, and methane-to-methanol conversion. The fundamental classes of nanozymes, their structure-activity relationships, and how their fine-tuned properties aid energy conversion in systems such as biofuel cells, electrolyzers, and fuel cells are also discussed. To underscore their practical advantages, nanozymes are benchmarked against conventional catalysts using key performance metrics such as turnover frequency, cost, and stability. Additionally, the review addresses challenges associated with limited selectivity, incomplete mechanistic understanding, and scalability while also highlighting emerging technologies such as nanostructuring, doping, hybridization, and 3D printing. By mapping recent advances and identifying critical research gaps, this review underscores the potential of established nanozymes and nanozyme-inspired catalytic systems as next-generation catalysts for clean energy applications and their role in advancing the transition toward a carbon-neutral and circular energy economy.