Electronic engineering of spinels for advanced electrocatalysis

octahedral sites, and the electronic configuration of active metal centers, including the d-band center position and spin state. The applications of these electronic structure modulation strategies across electrocatalytic reactions, encompassing the oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction, nitrate reduction reaction, carbon dioxide reduction reaction, and urea oxidation reaction, were further analyzed. Gaining insights from these diverse reaction systems, this review proposes a generalizable design paradigm for efficient spinel electrocatalysts: coordination engineering-d-band center optimization-spin state modulation. Finally, challenges in electronic-state control and future research frontiers are outlined, providing a robust mechanistic framework for the rational design of spinel electrocatalysts for sustainable energy technologies.