Ziqiang Zhu, Fuchao Yang, Daheng Wu, Zhiguang Guo
, laser processing, electrochemical methods, self-assembly, additive manufacturing) are summarized. Potential applications in bubble collection, microfluidics, and heat transfer are also outlined. By integrating these aspects, this review aims to provide theoretical foundations and practical guidance for developing and optimizing WGS, thereby promoting technological innovation and expanding the applications of bubble-directed transport.