DLE and EDL from spodumene have lower energy use and environmental impacts compared to conventional lithium extraction. DLE achieves the highest profitability, while EDL offers the lowest carbon footprint, advancing sustainable LCE production.
Conventional <i>vs.</i> direct <i>vs.</i> electrochemical lithium extraction: a holistic TEA–LCA of lithium carbonate production from spodumene — 科研速览 Science Skim