Adsorption performance and mechanisms of ciprofloxacin onto microplastics: effects of different textures and aging degrees

(PA6-60).The improved adsorption of aged MPs is primarily due to oxygen-containing functional groups acting as active sites.Adsorption capacity followed the order of PA6 series > PVC series > PP series, emphasizing the key role of surface functional groups, consistent with DFT analysis.The primary interaction mechanisms included charge-assisted hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, halogen bonding, and CH/π interactions. This work provides systematic insights into CIP adsorption onto pristine and aged MPs, offering a foundation for understanding MPs-antibiotic interactions and assessing environmental risks.