Yuehua Chen, Yuanqing Ding, Han Lin, Jianlin Shi
real-time feedback. Beyond passive drug delivery, these integrated systems are endowed with the capacity to actively sense the localized microenvironment and utilize specific molecular signals for structural imaging, thereby enabling clinicians to personalize both drug dosimetry and stimulation timing for optimized outputs. Finally, we discuss the practical steps toward clinical translation by analyzing current trials and regulatory hurdles, and highlight how artificial intelligence can predict structure-function relationships and improve imaging clarity. When paired with scalable manufacturing, these tools are expected to promote the translation of brain-adaptive designs into viable clinical therapies.