Jie Gao, Feng Xiong, Zhichao Yang, Xilin Ye, Ke Ma, Biyin Shi, Zhisheng Li, Kaixin Long, Zhengwei You, Liqun Zhang, Huiyu Liu, Jie Xue
regenerative outcomes, highlighting how chemically engineered gradients synergize with structural guidance to promote organized nerve regeneration. Finally, we outline key challenges, including gradient stability, reproducibility, and compatibility with scalable manufacturing, and discuss future directions for the clinical translation of gradient-based NGCs.