Recent advances in β-phase engineering of PVDF-based piezoelectric composites for enhanced piezoelectricity and wearable applications

electrical poling, mechanical processing, and filler doping. The underlying mechanisms, structure-property relationships, and representative studies are also systematically discussed. Furthermore, we highlight the applications of high-performance PVDF-based composites in health monitoring and energy harvesting. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities are outlined to provide insights into the development of next-generation PVDF-based piezoelectric systems.